Yep, it headspaces on the shoulder. If you had a headspace problem when you fire it the case would slam back into the bolt face, no place for the primer to pop out like the pictures show. Questions:
1) Will am empty case chamber? (I bet it does with no problems)
2) Extraction of fired cases was routine, no cranking or heavy bolt pull? (I bet it was absolutely routine)
3) If you have a micrometer, check the measurements (you can find them all over the web)and see if you are out of spec, way out. (I bet it is right in spec)
4) If you reload(or know someone who does), can you Full lenth size the fired round without a bunch of huffing and puffing? (I bet it sizes easy)
5) Can you push that primer back into the brass with thumb pressure? How about laying the flat of a screwdrive on it and holding brass in one hand screwdrive in another, press it back in? Next time you fire one as soon as you pull the trigger extract the brass and push it down to reseat the primer when it is hot. (I bet this works)
I'm thinking this brass or that primer is ultra soft because not much else makes any sense at all to me. You say the rifle is accurate and while you did not mention any extract problems by not saying so I rule that out. The round fires, you extract it or leave it in the chamber, and the heated brass or primer is expanding allowing the primer to back out. If you had headspace problems that primer would be extruded like it is.
I would positively email Federal with that picture. Maybe call and get the right department.